Blockchain Help can resolve the network problems

Business Networks benefit from connectivity
– Connected customers, suppliers, banks, 
 partners 

– Cross geography & regulatory boundary 

• Wealth is generated by the flow of goods & services across business network 

• Markets are central to this process: – Public (fruit market, car auction), or

– Private (supply chain financing, bonds) 

Transferring Assets, building Value
• Anything that is capable of being owned or 

controlled to produce value, is an asset 

• Two fundamental types of asset 
 – Tangible, e.g. a house

– Intangible e.g. a mortgage 

• Intangible assets subdivide – Financial, e.g. bond
 – Intellectual e.g. patents

– Digital e.g. music 

• Cash is also an asset

– Has property of anonymity 

Ledgers are Important • Ledger is THE system of record for a business

– records asset transfer between participants.
• Business will have multiple ledgers for multiple business networks in which they participate.
• Records all transactions across business network 
 • Shared between participants 

• Participants have own copy through 
 replication 

• Permissioned, so participants see only appropriate transactions 

• THE shared system of record
•
Participants, Transactions & Contracts • Participants - members of a business
network

– Customer, Supplier, Government, Regulator – Usually resides in an organization

– Has specific identities and roles
What?
• Transaction - an asset transfer

– John gives a car to Anthony (simple)

• Contract - conditions for transaction to occur
– If Anthony pays John money, then car passes from John to
Anthony (simple) 
 What is Blockchain ?
A shared ledger technology allowing any participant in the business network to see THE system of record (ledger)

Blockchain and Bitcoin . . .
1. is unregulated, censorship-resistant shadow currency
2. Blockchain ensures “cash like” coin passing • unique,
• immutable,
• final

3. Bitcoin is the first Blockchain application
• Blockchain is not

4. Digital currencies different from cyptocurrency
Smart Contract
• Business rules implied by the contract . . 

• . . embedded in the Blockchain & 
 • executed with the transaction 

• Verifiable, signed 


• Encoded in programming language 

• Example: 

– Defines contractual conditions under which corporate Bond transfer occurs 

Security :-
••
••
Ledger is shared, but participants require privacy Participants need:
– Transactions to be private 

– Identity not linked to a transaction 

Transactions need to be authenticated Cryptography central to these processes 

Validation
• Transaction verification & commitment 

• When participants are anonymous – Commitment is expensive 

– Bitcoin cryptographic mining provides verification for anonymous participants but at significant compute cost (proof of work) 


• When participants are known & trusted – Commitment possible at low cost 

• Multiple alternatives
– proof of stake where fraudulent transactions cost 

validators (e.g. transaction bond) 

– multi-signature (e.g. 3 out of 5 participants agree) 

Patterns for Customer Adoption
(1) INTERNAL LEDGER
• Ledger for internal reporting, audit and compliance,
• Consistent view of key business assets, • Provenance, immutability & finality more
important than consensus.
• Access to auditor and regulator
(2) CONSORTIUM SHARED LEDGER
• Created by a small set of participants
• share reference data between themselves and consumers.
• Consistent real-time view of key information © 2016 IBM Corporation (3) INFORMATION HUB
• A ledger set up in a single organization 

• Sharing of information between participants 
 (e.g. voting, dividend notification) 


• Assets have information, not financial value, 
 • Require provenance, immutability & finality. 

(4) HIGH VALUE MARKET 

• Ledger for the transfer of high financial value assets 
 • between many participants in a market. 

• Requires all enterprise features of Blockchain Use Case – Letter of Credit
What?
• Bank handling letters of credit (LOC) wants to offer them to a wider range of clients including startups 

• Currently constrained by costs & the time to execute 
 How? 

• Blockchain provides common ledger for letters of credit 

• Allows bank and counter-parties to have the same validated record of transaction and fulfillment 

Benefits 

• Increased trust

• Increase speed of execution (less than 1 day) • Vastly reduced cost 

What?

• Bank holding a corporate debt would like to

– pay vendors quickly for transactions validated by the client – allow the corporate client to see the payment is made

– provide government with oversight of the process
How?
• Blockchain provides a common ledger for recording the
corporate debt / bond, 

• available to bank, corporate client, vendors & government. Benefits

• Speeds up vendor payments bigger net discounts

• Eliminates risk and accelerates decision making 

• Owning bank can spread the cost across each market. 
 What?
• Value of connected smart devices limited by ability to interact with business systems
How?
• Blockchain to manage automated interactions with the
external world 

• ordering and paying for food to arranging for its own software upgrades and tracking its warranty. 

Benefits

• .  1. business value from connected technology 

  
• .  2. efficiencies in network and supply chains. 

  
• .  3. status transparent to all network members 

  

What?
• Consumers demanding transparency on where and how their products are made.
• EU requires more information about corporate supply chains, with penalties for non-compliance.
How?
• Blockchain enable safe digital transfer of property across the end to end supply chain.
Benefits

• .  1. verifiable, preventing any party from altering 

  
• .  2. efficiencies through greater transparency 

  
• .  3. consumers can make informed purchases 

  
• .  4. governments get reliable information 

  What?
  • Provenance of each component part in complex system hard to track
  • Manufacturer, production date, batch and even the manufacturing machine program.
  How?
  • Blockchain holds complete provenance details of each component part 

  

• Accessible by each manufacturer in the production process, the aircraft owners, maintainers and government regulators. 
 Benefits

• .  1. trust increased no authority "owns” provenance 

  
• .  2. improvement in system utilization 

  
• .  3. recalls "specific" rather than cross fleet 

  What?
  • Game player wants to trade “gold” earned in current game for
  the currency or assets of another game 

  • Use experience with the current game to put me ahead and not have to start cold in the new game 

  How? 

  • Blockchain holds tokens of value shared across on line gaming platform 

  Benefits 

  • Transparency to game player, game owners & infrastructure
  providers 

  • Efficiencies through elimination of intermediaries 
 • Increased trust for all involved parties. 

  Other Potential Use Cases include . .
  • Securities

  – Post-trade settlement – Derivative contracts

  

– Securities issuance

– Collateral management
• Trade Finance

– Bill of Lading

– Cross-currency payment
• Syndicated Loans

• Intra-bank settlement
© 2016 IBM Corporation
• Retail Banking

– Cross border remittances

– Mortgage verification

– Mortgage contracts (smart contract)
• Public Records

– Real estate records

– Vehicle registrations

– Business license and ownership records
Enterprise Integration What?
• Customer realizes full benefit of Blockchain solution by scale up, scale out and enterprise integration
How?
• Full range of consulting, system integration & project skills

• Extension of Agile from Proof of Concept

• Integration into customers existing systems and business processes • Metrication to prove Return on Investment

Commercial?

• For fee
. 1. Blockchain is a shared, replicated ledger technology 


• 
  
• .  3. Blockchain can open up business networks by taking out cost, improving efficiencies and increase accessibility 

  
• .  4. Blockchain addresses an exciting and topical set of business challenges, which cross every industry 

  
• .  5. Linux Foundation Hyper ledger project developing open source, open standards shared ledger technology 

  

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Crypto Currency Market In Japan

Japan is the most dominant global leader in the cryptocurrency market development today.

The main reason for this is the fact that japan stands out with its regulatory aspect towards cryptocurrency. In countries like India, China and some states in the US it is almost impossible to create a crypto company. For this reason, Japan is striving and a lot of major domestic firms are entering the industry through the country.

So what is cryptocurrency and why is it banned in some countries?

Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that has been designed to work as a medium or form of currency exchange which uses cryptography to secure and verify transactions as well as control the creation of new units in that particular cryptocurrency scheme. It can be seen as a tool or resource on a blockchain network that deals with buying, selling, investing, trading and so on.

What is blockchain technology?

A blockchain is a digital ledger in which transactions made in bitcoin or another cryptocurrency are recorded chronologically and publicly. In simple terms, a chain of blocks is formed, each block containing information and data that are bundled together and then verified. It stores cryptographically signed records of financial transfers, but it’s not just limited to this function. Blockchain can be used for other applications as-well, such as tracking ownership or the provenance of documents, digital assets and so on.

How are they connected?

Blockchain is a platform that brings cryptocurrencies to the market, it is the technology that forms a network between the users and the cryptocurrencies, this service in turn allows transactions to be made. Without blockchain, we would not have a means for the transactions to be recorded and transferred. In other words, it enables transferring values and information between its users.

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Blockchain Election Solutions

Voting in Elections
Your right to vote is one of the most basic yet important rights guaranteed to you and protected by the Constitution. Blockchain can help authenticate voter identity, record and track the votes cast, and count the votes to determine the winner. If each vote cast is considered a unique transaction and recorded such that votes can’t be illegally added or removed /modified, foul play can be completely eliminated and recounting of votes might not be required at all, saving so much time and tax payers’ money.
Leasing and Sales of Vehicles
Blockchain is set to make your experience of buying, selling and leasing of vehicles seamless and hassle-free. Simply choose the car that you want to lease. This information is recorded on the blockchain. You can then sign a lease agreement and insurance policy on the go (online) and the blockchain will reflect this updated information. With proper implementation, the day is not too far away when this facility can be extended to sales and registration of vehicles.
Apart from these sectors, blockchain can be used in the banking sector as a secure means of sharing and storing up-to-date information. It can be used in Internet of Things to securely transmit data related to critical infrastructure like power and transportation. From making ride-sharing more lucrative to professional drivers, improving internet advertising, simplifying verification of educational credentials, providing extra secure yet decentralized cloud storage (less chance of hacking), ensuring revenue from licensing agreements to music artists to better data sharing in the healthcare sector improving the accuracy of diagnoses, to enhancing effectiveness of supply chain management by reducing paper work, to improving the provision of public services by the Government (by maintaining public records), the applications of blockchain are multiple. Each of them warrants a separate post to elaborate how they can harness the benefits.
To sum up, irrespective of the sector to which it is applied, blockchain requires proper implementation and incentivization of each of the nodes to be successful.

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